Certification -- The Clean Air Act requires that each new vehicle or engine sold be certified as capable of meeting applicable emission standards. Section 206(a) of the Clean Air Act requires EPA to certify new vehicles or engines according to procedures prescribed by the EPA Administrator. Manufacturers are required to demonstrate that the vehicle or engine can meet the emission standard for a specified period. Today, for example, passenger cars must meet emission standards for 10 years or for 100,000 miles, which ever occurs first. Engines used in heavy trucks must meet standards for up to 435,000 miles. Vehicle and engine aging, maintenance, and testing are conducted by the manufacturers, but EPA reserves the right to test some certification vehicles or engines on a spot-check basis.
The 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments established, beginning with the 1995 model year, the warranty for the catalytic converter, electronic control unit, on-board diagnostic device, and other equipment designated by EPA, as a "specific major emission control component" will be 8 years or 80,000 miles; all other emission related parts will be warranted for two years or 24,000 miles. The warranty period for other categories of vehicles and engines are typically established by EPA as part of the standard-setting process.
反正不達標就要啟動召回, 交車起10年或16W km 內都要達標, 否則就不斷召回/花錢....
我記得還有規定一條是: 若無法"有效"改正, 監管部門能要求製造商將已出售車輛的下市(拆牌)買回.
VW 要是無法以更換零件去達標+讓車子10年或16W km 內都要達標.
我猜... 3.75万美元就是每輛車下市買回的最低成本.